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The Ohlone languages, also known as Costanoan, are a small family of languages of the San Francisco Bay Area spoken by the Ohlone people. Along with the Miwok languages, they are members of the Utian language family. The most recent work suggests that Ohlone, Miwok, and Yokuts are branches of a Yok-Utian language family.〔Utian and Penutian classification: Levy, 1978:485-486 (citing Kroeber), Callaghan 1997, Golla 2007. Yok-Utian as a taxonomic category: Callaghan 1997, 2001; Golla 2007:76〕 == Languages == Costanoan comprises eight attested varieties: Awaswas, Chalon, Chochenyo (aka Chocheño), Karkin, Mutsun, Ramaytush, Rumsen, and Tamyen. Overall, divergence among these languages seems to have been roughly equivalent to that among the languages of the Romance sub-family of Indo-European languages. Neighboring groups seem to have been able to understand and speak to each other.〔Names of dialects or languages: Levy 1978:485; Teixeira 1997:33-34; Milliken 1995:24-26. For the assertion they are dialects of one language, refer to Milliken, 1995:24-26 (an ethnohistorian, not a linguist), who cited missionary-linguist Felipe Arroyo de la Cuesta to that effect. Levy 1978:485 (a linguist) asserted they were distinct languages, but he contradicted himself on same page. Callaghan (1997, 2001), a linguist who steeped herself in the primary documents, offered evidence that the languages were separate, with only Ramaytush, Tamyen, and Chochenyo possibly being dialects of a single language. Milliken (2008:6) followed Callaghan, referring to separate languages rather than dialects.〕 The number and geographic distribution of Ohlone language divisions partially mirrors the distribution of Franciscan missions in their original lands. While the known languages are, in most cases, quite distinct, intermediate dialects may have been lost as local groups gathered at the missions.〔Milliken, 1995:24-26.〕 A newly discovered text from Mission Santa Clara provides evidence that Chochenyo of the East Bay area and Tamyen of the Santa Clara Valley were closely related dialects of a single San Francisco Bay Costanoan language.〔Blevins and Golla, 2005.〕〔Forbes (1968:184), an ethnohistorian, introduced the term Muwekma for a hypothetical northern division of the Costanoan language family, with an Ohlone subdivision (San Francisco, Santa Cruz, Santa Clara, San Jose dialects) and a Huchiun–Karkin division. Beeler (1961), Levy (1978), and Callaghan (1997), all linguists, consider the Santa Cruz and Karkin dialects completely distinct from any of the other dialects grouped by Forbes.〕 The Costanoan languages were all extinct by the 1950s. However, today Mutsun, Chochenyo and Rumsen are being "revitalized" (relearned from saved records).〔for extinction classification, Gordon 2005 (''krb, cst, css''); For revitalization claims see external links section, revitalization articles.〕 The classification below is based primarily on Callaghan (2001). Other classifications list Northern Costanoan, Southern Costanoan, and Karkin as single languages, with the following subgroups of each considered as dialects: * Karkin ( Carquin) * * San Francisco Bay Costanoan * * * Tamyen ( Tamien, Santa Clara Costanoan) * * * Chochenyo ( Chocheño, Chocheno, East Bay Costanoan) * * * Ramaytush ( San Francisco Costanoan) * * Awaswas ( Santa Cruz Costanoan) - There may have been more than one Costanoan language spoken within the proposed Awaswas area, as the small amount of linguistic material attributed to Mission Santa Cruz Costanoans is highly variable. * * Chalon ( Cholon, Soledad) - Chalon may be a transitional language between Northern and Southern Costanoan. * Southern Costanoan * * Mutsun ( San Juan Bautista Costanoan) * * Rumsen ( Rumsien, San Carlos, Carmel) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ohlone languages」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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